Mary Pat Rapp, DSN(c), University of Texas Health Science Center Houston, Geriatric Associates of America, Assistant Professor, Gerontological Nurse Practitioner, 6901 Bertner Blvd, Office 7.748, Houston, TX 77030, Nancy Bergstrom, PhD, RN, FAAN, University of Texas Health Science Center Houston, Theodore J. and Mary E. Trumble Professor in Aging Research, Director, Center on Aging, 6901 Bertner Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, and Nikhil S. Padhye, PhD, University of Texas Health Science Center Houston, Assistant Professor, Biostatistician, 6901 Bertner Blvd, Houston, TX 77030.
Purpose: The purpose of the study is to determine the efficacy of using skin temperature as a surrogate measure for the thermoregulatory function of the skin to predict pressure ulcer risk. Theoretical/Conceptual Framework: Tissue tolerance to pressure is a risk factor for pressure ulcer development (Braden & Bergstrom, 1987). Skin temperature, as a surrogate for blood flow and related to tissue tolerance, is a measurement of the heat conducted by capillaries to the skin reflecting the thermoregulatory function of the skin. Measured over several scales in a time series, entropy characterizes the degree of irregularity or randomness in the temperature signal. Lower values are associated with frailty. Subjects: A convenience sample of 16 nursing facility residents, 71 – 97 years old, female (10), White (13), 9 at high (score < 13), and 7 at low or no risk (score > 14) for pressure ulcers using the Braden Scale for Pressure Sore Risk© were enrolled. Method: Skin temperature was measured continuously for 88 hours using a skin temperature thermistor (Series 2000 Mini-Logger Model 192-2000-00 ML 2000, MiniMitter, Bend, OR). Multiscale entropy was computed to characterize the degree of irregularity in skin temperature. Data were analyzed using Matlab 14.0 and SPSS 11.5. Results: There was a significant difference in the mean multiscale entropy for skin temperature when averaged over all scales between nursing facility residents at high or low risk for pressure ulcers, ANOVA F(1, 14) = 4.74, p = .05. Although not statistically significant (p = .64), multiscale entropy for temperature was lower at all scales in residents who developed pressure ulcers (n = 2). Conclusions: Skin temperature as a surrogate for the thermoregulatory function of the skin differentiated between risk categories and pressure ulcer outcomes providing preliminary evidence for a larger trial to enhance our understanding of pressure ulcer risk.
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